The Bailiwick of Jersey (English pronunciation: /ˈdʒɜrzi/, French: [ʒɛʁzɛ]; Jèrriais Jèrriais is the form of the Norman language spoken in Jersey, in the Channel Islands, off the coast of France. It has been in decline over the past century as English has increasingly become the language of education, commerce and administration. There are very few people who speak Jèrriais as a mother tongue and, owing to the age of the: Jèrri) is a British Crown Dependency The Crown Dependencies are possessions of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom, as opposed to overseas territories of the United Kingdom. They comprise the Channel Island bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel, and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea[6] off the coast of Normandy Normandy is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. It is situated along the English Channel coast of Northern France between Brittany (to the west) and Picardy (to the east) and comprises territory in northern France and the Channel Islands. The continental territory covers 30,627 km² and forms the preponderant part, France France (pronounced /ˈfrænts/ frantss or /ˈfrɑːnts/ frahnts; French pronunciation (help·info): [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française, pronounced: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a state in Western Europe with several of its overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian,.[7] As well as the island of Jersey itself, the bailiwick A bailiwick is the area of jurisdiction of a bailiff. The term was also applied to a territory in which the sheriff's functions were exercised by a privately appointed bailiff under a royal imperial writ. The word is now more generally used in a metaphorical sense, to indicate a sphere of authority, experience, activity, study, or interest includes two groups of small islands which are no longer permanently inhabited, the Minquiers The Minquiers (Les Minquiers; in Jèrriais: Les Mîntchièrs pronunciation ; nicknamed "the Minkies" in local English) are a group of islands and rocks situated 9 miles south of Jersey forming part of the Bailiwick of Jersey. They are administratively part of the Parish of Grouville and Écréhous The Écréhous are a groups of islands and rocks situated six miles north-east of Jersey (eight miles from France). They form part of the Bailiwick of Jersey and are administratively part of the Parish of St. Martin, and the Pierres de Lecq Les Pierres de Lecq or the Paternosters are a group of uninhabitable rocks or a reef in the Bailiwick of Jersey between Jersey and Sark, 16 km north of Grève de Lecq in Saint Mary, and 22.4 km west of the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy[8] and other rocks and reefs. Together with the Bailiwick of Guernsey The Bailiwick of Guernsey is a British Crown Dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy, it forms the grouping known as the Channel Islands The Channel Islands are an archipelago of British Crown Dependencies in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They include two separate bailiwicks: the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey, neither of which is part of the United Kingdom; rather they are considered the remnants of the Duchy of Normandy. They have a. Like the Isle of Man The Isle of Man , otherwise known simply as Mann (Manx: Mannin, [ˈmanɪn]), is a self-governing British Crown Dependency, located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann. The Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The island is, Jersey is a separate possession of the Crown The Crown is a corporation sole that in the Commonwealth realms, as well as in any provincial or state sub-divisions thereof, represents the legal embodiment of governance, whether executive, legislative, or judicial. It evolved naturally first in the United Kingdom as a separation of the literal crown and property of the nation state from the and is not part of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[note 7] is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land.[9] Jersey has an international identity different from that of the UK,[10] although it belongs to the Common Travel Area The Common Travel Area is a passport-free zone that comprises the islands of Ireland, Great Britain, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The area's internal borders are subject to minimal or non-existent border controls and can normally be crossed by Irish and British citizens with only minimal identity documents. The maintenance of the Area[11] and the definition of "United Kingdom" in the British Nationality Act 1981 The British Nationality Act 1981 was an Act of Parliament passed by the British Parliament concerning British nationality. It has been the basis of British nationality law since 1 January 1983 is interpreted as including the UK and the Islands together.[12] The United Kingdom is constitutionally responsible for the defence of Jersey.[13] Jersey is not a full-member state of the European Union The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 member states which are located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, the EU was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 upon the foundations of the European Communities. With over 500 million citizens, the EU combined generated an estimated 28% share (US$ 16.5 although it is included in the customs territory of the European Community The European Community was the first of the three pillars of the European Union (EU) between 1992 and 2009. Created by the Maastricht Treaty (1992), it was based upon the principle of supranationalism and had its origins in the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union. The Treaty of Lisbon abolished the entire pillar.[14]

Contents

History

Main article: History of Jersey The island of Jersey and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Duchy of Normandy that held sway in both France and England. Jersey lies in the Bay of Mont St Michel and is the largest of the Channel Islands. It has enjoyed self-government since the division of the Duchy of Normandy in 1204

Jersey history is influenced by its strategic location between the northern coast of France and the southern coast of England; the island's recorded history extends over a thousand years.

Evidence of Bronze Age The Bronze Age of a culture is the period when the most advanced metalworking in that culture used bronze. This could either have been based on the local smelting of copper and tin from ores, or trading for bronze from production areas elsewhere. Many, though not all, Bronze Age cultures flourished in prehistory and early Iron Age In archaeology, the Iron Age is the prehistoric period in any area during which cutting tools and weapons were mainly made of iron or steel. The adoption of this material coincided with other changes in society, including differing agricultural practices, religious beliefs and artistic styles settlements can be found in many locations around the island. Archaeological Archaeology, or archeology , is the study of past human societies, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data which they have left behind, which includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts and cultural landscapes. Due to the fact that archaeology employs a wide range of different procedures, it can be evidence of Roman Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea, it became one of the largest empires in the ancient world influence has been found, in particular the coastal headland site at Le Pinacle, Les Landes, where remains of a primitive structure are attributed to Roman temple worship (fanum).[15] Evidence for settled Roman occupation has yet to be established.

Formerly under the control of Brittany Brittany (French: Bretagne [bʁətaɲ] ; Breton: Breizh, pronounced [brɛjs]; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a cultural and administrative region in the north-west of France. Previously as a kingdom and then as a duchy, Brittany was a fief of the Kingdom of France. Brittany has also been referred to as Less, Lesser or Little Britain (as opposed to Great and named Angia (also spelled Agna ),[16] Jersey was invaded by Vikings The term Viking is customarily used to refer to the Norse (Scandinavian) explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided, traded, and settled in wide areas of Europe and the North Atlantic islands from the late eighth to the mid-eleventh century. These Norsemen used their famed longships to travel as far east as Constantinople and the Volga in the ninth century. The name of Jersey is believed to be derived from Viking heritage: the Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300 suffix In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns or adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs. Particularly in the study of Semitic languages, a suffix is called an afformative, as they can alter the form of the -ey for island can be found in many places around the Northern European Northern Europe is the northern part or region of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as including the following countries and dependent regions: coasts. The source of the first part of the toponym Toponymy is the scientific study of place names , their origins, meanings, use and typology. The word 'Toponymy' is derived from the Greek words tópos (τόπος) ('place') and ónoma (ὄνομα) ('name'). Toponymy is itself a branch of onomastics, the study of names of all kinds. Toponymy is distinct, though often confused with etymology, is unclear. Scholars surmise it derives from jarth (Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300 for "earth") or jarl Earl was the Anglo-Saxon form and jarl the Scandinavian form of a title meaning "chieftain" and referring especially to chieftains set to rule a territory in a king's stead. In Scandinavia, it became obsolete in the Middle Ages and was replaced with duke ; in later medieval Britain, it became the equivalent of the continental count (in (earl), or perhaps a personal name, Geirr ("Geirr's Island").[17] Alternatively Celtic The Iron Age and Roman-era Celts were a diverse group of tribal societies in Europe who spoke Celtic languages origin may relate to the Gaulish Gaul is a historical name used in the context of Ancient Rome in references to the region of Western Europe approximating present day France, Luxembourg and Belgium, most of Switzerland, the western part of Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the left bank of the Rhine gar- (oak), or ceton (forest). Some believe "Jersey" is a corruption of the Latin Latin or sometimes Roman is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Although often considered a dead language, in view of the fact that it has no native, fluent speakers, Latin continues to be taught in schools and has been, and currently is, used in the process of new word production in modern languages from many Caesarea, the Roman name for the island, influenced by Old English Old English or Anglo-Saxon is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century. What survives through writing represents primarily the literary register of Anglo-Saxon suffix -ey for "island";[18][19] this is plausible if, in the regional pronunciation Pronunciation refers to the way a word or a language is spoken, or the manner in which someone utters a word. If one is said to have "correct pronunciation", then it refers to both within a particular dialect of Latin Latin or sometimes Roman is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Although often considered a dead language, in view of the fact that it has no native, fluent speakers, Latin continues to be taught in schools and has been, and currently is, used in the process of new word production in modern languages from many, Caesarea was not IPA: [kaisarea] but [tʃeːsarea].

The island was eventually annexed to the Duchy of Normandy The Duchy of Normandy stems from various Danish, Norwegian, Hiberno-Norse, Orkney Viking and Anglo-Danish invasions of France in the 8th century. A fief, probably as a county, was created by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte in 911 out of concessions made by King Charles, and granted to Rollo, leader of the Vikings known as Northmen (or in Latin by William Longsword, Duke of Normandy Duke of Normandy is a title held or claimed by various Norman, English and French rulers from the tenth century until the end of the French monarchy. The title refers to the region of Normandy in France and several associated islands in the English Channel in 933 and it became one of the Norman Islands. When William's descendant, William the Conqueror William the Conqueror , also known as William I of England, was the King of England from Christmas, 1066 until his death. He was also William II, Duke of Normandy, from 3 July 1035 until his death. Before his conquest of England, he was known as "William the Bastard" (French: Guillaume le Bâtard) because of the illegitimacy of his birth, conquered England The Norman conquest of England began on 28 September 1066 with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by the troops of William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy and their victory at the Battle of Hastings (on the other side of the Channel in Southeast England) on 14 October 1066 over King Harold II of England. Harold's army had been badly depleted in 1066. The Duchy of Normandy The Duchy of Normandy stems from various Danish, Norwegian, Hiberno-Norse, Orkney Viking and Anglo-Danish invasions of France in the 8th century. A fief, probably as a county, was created by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte in 911 out of concessions made by King Charles, and granted to Rollo, leader of the Vikings known as Northmen (or in Latin and the kingdom of England The area now called England has been settled by people of various cultures for about 35,000 years, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant were governed under one monarch.[20] The Dukes of Normandy owned considerable estates on the island, and Norman families living on their estates founded many of the historical Norman-French Jersey family names. King John John was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death. He acceded to the throne as the younger brother of King Richard I, who died without issue. John was the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine, and was their second surviving son to ascend the throne; thus, he continued the line of Plantagenet lost all his territories in mainland Normandy in 1204 to King Philip II Augustus Philip II Augustus was the King of France from 1180 until his death. A member of the House of Capet, Philip Augustus was born at Gonesse in the Val-d'Oise, the son of Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne. He was originally nicknamed Dieudonné—the God-given—as he was the first son of Louis VII late in his father's life, but retained possession of Jersey, along with Guernsey and the other Channel Islands. The islands have been internally self-governing since.[21]

Islanders travelled across the North Atlantic to participate in the Newfoundland Newfoundland (pronounced /ˈnjuːfənlænd/ ( listen); French: Terre-Neuve, Irish: Talamh an Éisc) is a large Canadian island 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) off the east coast of North America, and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador fisheries Generally, a fishery is an entity engaged in raising and/or harvesting fish, which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a in the late 16th century During the 16th century, Spain and Portugal explored and conquered the world seas. Latin America became a Spanish colony, while Portugal became the master of the Indian Ocean.[22] In recognition for help given to him during his exile in Jersey in the 1640s, Charles II Charles II was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland gave George Carteret Sir George Carteret, 1st Baronet , son of Elias de Carteret, was a royalist statesman in Jersey and England, who served in the Clarendon Ministry as Treasurer of the Navy. He was also one of the original Lords Proprietor of the Carolina colony, bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in the American colonies The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492, although there was at least one earlier colonization effort. The first known Europeans to reach the Americas were the Vikings during the 11th century, who established several colonies in Greenland and one short-lived settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows (51°N) in the, which he promptly named New Jersey. It is now part of the United States of America.[23][24]

Trade laid the foundations of prosperity, aided by neutrality between England and France.[25] The Jersey way of life involved agriculture, milling, fishing, shipbuilding, and production of woollen goods. 19th century improvements in transport links brought tourism to the island.

During World War II, Jersey was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 July 1940 until 9 May 1945 (when Germany surrendered).[26].

Politics

The States building in St. Helier. Main article: Politics of Jersey

Jersey's legislature is the States of Jersey. It includes fifty-three elected members: twelve senators (elected for six-year terms), twelve connétables (heads of parishes elected for three-year terms), twenty-nine deputies (elected for three-year terms); the Bailiff and the Deputy Bailiff (appointed to preside over the assembly and having a casting vote in favour of the status quo when presiding); and three non-voting members (the Dean of Jersey, the Attorney General, and the Solicitor General) appointed by the Crown. Government departments are run by a Cabinet government under a Chief Minister. The civil head of the island, and its judiciary is the Bailiff.

Senators are elected on an island-wide mandate and Deputies are elected by local constituencies. Formally constituted political parties are unfashionable, although groups of "like-minded members" act in concert.[citation needed]

Elizabeth II's traditional title as Head of State is that of Duke of Normandy, but she does not hold that title formally.[citation needed] She reigns by her position as Queen over a Crown Dependency. Her Representative in the island is the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey, who has only token involvement in island politics. Since 2006, the incumbent Lieutenant Governor has been Lieutenant General Andrew Ridgway.

The legal system is based on Norman customary law (including the Clameur de Haro), statute and English law; justice is administered by the Royal Court. Appeals are heard by the Jersey Court of Appeal and, ultimately, by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Statutes were enacted solely in French until 1929; some legislation continues to be made in French, especially amendments to existing legislation. The influence of French language legislation in Jersey is now limited and principally concerns administrative and real property matters, wills and succession and some aspects of criminal procedure. Company legislation, regulatory statutes, material bankruptcy procedures, security over shares and all other relevant matters are, to the extent addressed by existing legislation, governed by statutes enacted in English and, in many cases, are largely based on English law principles or practices.[citation needed]

Parishes

Main article: Parishes of Jersey Map of the parishes of Jersey

Administratively, Jersey is divided into twelve parishes. All border on the sea. They were named after the Christian saints to whom their ancient parish churches were dedicated:

The parishes of Jersey are further divided into vingtaines (or, in St. Ouen, cueillettes), divisions which are historic. Today they are used chiefly for purposes of local administration and electoral constituency.

The Constable (Connétable) is the head of each parish, elected at a public election for a three-year term to run the parish and to represent the municipality in the States. The Procureur du Bien Public (two in each parish) is the legal and financial representative of the parish (elected at a public election since 2003 in accordance with the Public Elections (Amendment) (Jersey) Law 2003; formerly an Assembly of Electors of each parish elected the Procureurs in accordance with the Loi (1804) au sujet des assemblées paroissiales). A Procureur du Bien Public is elected for three years as a public trustee for the funds and property of the parish and may contract when authorised by a Parish Assembly. The Parish Assembly is the decision-making body of local government in each parish; it consists of all entitled voters of the parish.

Each parish elects its own force of Honorary Police consisting of Centeniers, Vingteniers and Constable's Officers. Centeniers are elected at a public election within each parish for a term of three years to undertake policing within the parish. The Centenier is the only officer authorised to charge and bail offenders. Formerly, the senior Centenier of each parish (entitled the Chef de Police) was deputised for the Constable in the States of Jersey when the Constable was unable to attend a sitting of the States. This function has now been abolished.

International relations

Jersey Airport greets travellers with "Welcome to Jersey" in Jèrriais.

Although diplomatic representation is reserved to the Crown, Jersey has been developing its own international identity over recent years. It negotiates directly with foreign governments on matters within the competence of the States of Jersey. Jersey maintains the Bureau de Jersey in Caen, France, a permanent non-diplomatic representation, with a branch office in Rennes. A similar office, the Maison de Normandie in St. Helier, represents the Conseil général of Manche and the Conseil régional of Basse-Normandie. It hosts the Consulate of France.

Jersey is a member of the British-Irish Council, the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie. Jersey wants to become a full member of the Commonwealth in its own right.[27]

Dicey and Morris (p26)[28] list the separate States comprising the British Islands: "England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Herm and Sark... is a separate country in the sense of the conflict of laws, though not one of them is a State known to public international law."

In 2007, the Chief Minister and the UK Lord Chancellor signed an agreement[10] which established a framework for the development of the international identity of Jersey. The agreement stated that:

In a survey of 700 people carried out by Channel Television in the summer of 2000, 68% supported independence from the United Kingdom.[29] Soon after, Senator (now Deputy) Paul le Claire lodged a projet calling for Jersey's independence. Subsequently, the Jersey Law Review published an editorial[30] and articles touching on the possibility of full independence.[31] In 2007 the Chief Minister was reported[32] saying that Jersey had contingency plans in case independence were to be forced upon the Island, or if Jersey wanted to move towards independence at a later date. In June 2008 an interim report was presented to the Council of Ministers evaluating "the potential advantages and disadvantages for Jersey in seeking independence from the United Kingdom or other incremental change in the constitutional relationship, while retaining the Queen as Head of State."[33]. The Bailiff, who chaired the group that produced the report, said on 15 September 2008 that "sovereignty would cause no major problems for Jersey."[34]

The island has a special relationship with the EU provided by Protocol 3 to the UK’s Treaty of Accession in 1973. This relationship cannot be changed without the unanimous agreement of all Member States and Island Authorities. Under Protocol 3, the island is part of the customs territory of the European Community. The common customs tariff, levies and other agricultural import measures apply to trade between the island and non-Member States. There is free movement of goods and trade between the island and Member States. Jersey is not, however, part of the single market in financial services. It is not required to implement EU Directives on such matters as movement of capital, company law or money laundering. Jersey plans to incorporate such measures where appropriate, with particular regard to the island's commitment to meeting international standards of financial regulation and countering money laundering and terrorist financing.

A number of tax information exchange agreements[35] have been signed directly by the island with foreign countries. Jersey’s Chief Minister signed a TIEA with the United States of America on 4 November 2002 and with the Kingdom of the Netherlands[36] on 20 June 2007. This was reported[37] as the Bailiwick's first tax treaty with a European state as a state in its own right (and the second after the similar agreement with the United States in 2002). Both TIEAs have been ratified by the States of Jersey and are in force. However, the Federal Court of Justice of Germany ruled on 1 July 2002 (case: II ZR 380/00), that under German law, for the purposes of § 110 of the German Civil Procedures Act (ZPO), Jersey is to be deemed to be part of the United Kingdom and of the European Union as well.

Jersey’s Chief Minister also signed a TIEA with the Federal Republic of Germany on 4 July 2008 and TIEAs with Denmark, the Faroes, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Sweden and Norway on 28 October 2008 (ratified March 2009)[38]. On 10 March 2009, a TIEA was signed between Jersey and the UK.[39] Also in March 2009, TIEAs were signed with France[40] and Ireland[38], followed by a TIEA with Australia in June 2009[41], and New Zealand[42]. These agreements will not come into force until they are ratified by the States, the relevant regulations have been adopted and the other party has completed its own domestic procedures.

Geography

Satellite view of Jersey. Coastline of Bonne Nuit Map of islands of Bailiwick of Jersey Main article: Geography of Jersey

Jersey is an island measuring 118.2 square kilometres[6] (65,569 vergée / 46 sq mi), including reclaimed land and intertidal zone. It lies in the English Channel, approximately 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) from the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy, France, and approximately 87 nautical miles (161 km; 100 mi) south of Great Britain.[43] It is the largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands, with a maximum land elevation is 143 m (469 ft) above sea level.

The climate is temperate with mild winters and cool summers.[44] The average annual temperature, 11.6 °C (52.9 °F) is similar to the South Coast of England and the mean annual total sunshine is 1912 hours.[45] The terrain consists of a plateau sloping from long sandy bays in the south to rugged cliffs in the north. The plateau is cut by valleys running generally north-south.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Jersey

Thanks to specialisation in a few high-return sectors, at purchasing power parity Jersey has high economic output per capita, substantially ahead of all of the world's large developed economies. The CIA World Factbook estimate of Jersey's GDP per capita for 2005 is US$57,000, surpassed only by two other small states with similar economic characteristics, Bermuda and Luxembourg. Jersey's economy is based on financial services, tourism, electronic commerce and agriculture; financial services contribute approximately 60 percent of the island's economy.[44] The island is recognised as one of the leading offshore financial centres. In June 2005 the States introduced the Competition (Jersey) Law 2005 [46] to regulate competition and stimulate economic growth. This competition law was based on that of other jurisdictions.

Aside from its banking and finance (and the finance industries supporting industries), Jersey depends on tourism. In 2006 there were 729,000 visitors (down 3% on the previous year) but total visitor spending rose 1% to £222m.[47] Duty-free goods are available for purchase on travel to and from the island.

Major agricultural products are potatoes and dairy produce. The source of milk is Jersey cattle, a small breed of cow that has also been acknowledged (though not widely so) for the quality of its meat.[48][49] Small-scale organic beef production has been reintroduced in an effort to diversify the industry.

Farmers and growers often sell surplus food and flowers in boxes on the roadside. They rely on the honesty of customers to drop the correct change into the money box and take what they want. In the 21st century, diversification of agriculture and amendments in planning strategy have led to farm shops replacing many of the roadside stalls.

On February 18, 2005, Jersey was granted Fairtrade Island status.[50]

Taxation

Until the 20th century, the States relied on indirect taxation to finance the administration of Jersey. The levying of impôts (duties) different from those of the United Kingdom was granted by Charles II and remained in the hands of the Assembly of Governor, Bailiff and Jurats until 1921 when that body's tax raising powers were transferred to the Assembly of the States, leaving the Assembly of Governor, Bailiff and Jurats to serve simply as licensing bench for the sale of alcohol (this fiscal reform also stripped the Lieutenant-Governor of most of his effective remaining administrative functions). The Income Tax Law of 1928 introducing income tax was the first law drafted entirely in English. Income tax has been levied at a flat rate of 20% set by the occupying Germans during World War II.

As VAT has not been levied in the island, luxury goods have often been cheaper than in the UK or in France, providing an incentive for tourism from neighbouring countries. The absence of VAT has also led to the growth of the fulfilment industry, whereby low-value luxury items, such as videos, lingerie and contact lenses are exported, avoiding VAT on arrival and thus undercutting local prices on the same products. In 2005, the States of Jersey announced limits on licences granted to non-resident companies trading in this way.

Although Jersey does not have VAT, the States of Jersey introduced a goods and services tax (GST) on 6 May 2008, at a standard rate of 3%. Some supplies are taxed at 0% and others exempt.

Currency

Twin cash machines at a bank that dispensed a choice of Bank of England or Jersey banknotes. Since the intervention of the Treasurer of the States in 2005, cash machines generally (with the exception of those at the Airport and Elizabeth Harbour) no longer dispense English notes. Main article: Jersey pound

Jersey issues its own Jersey banknotes and coins which circulate with UK coinage, Bank of England notes, Scottish notes and Guernsey currency within the island. Jersey currency is not legal tender outside Jersey: However, in the United Kingdom it is acceptable tender[51] and can be surrendered at banks within that country in exchange for Bank of England-issued currency on a like-for-like basis.

Coinage

Designs on the reverse of Jersey coins:

The main currency of Jersey is the pound, although in many places the euro is accepted because of the positioning of the island. Pound coins are issued, but are much less widely used than pound notes. Designs on the reverse of Jersey pound coins include historic ships built in Jersey and a series of the twelve parishes' crests. The motto round the milled edge of Jersey pound coins is Insula Caesarea (English: Island of Jersey). Two pound coins are issued also, but in very small quantities.

Demographics

Mont Orgueil was built in the 13th century to protect Jersey from French invasion. Main article: Demographics of Jersey

The island has numerous residents born outside Jersey; 47% of the population are not native to the island. The total population is nearly 88,000. Thirty percent of the population is concentrated in Saint Helier, the island's only town.[52]

Censuses have been undertaken in Jersey since 1821. The most recent was the 2001 Census conducted on March 11. Of the roughly 88,000 people in Jersey, around 40 percent identify as of Jersey / Norman descent and 40 percent of British (English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish) descent. The largest minority groups in the island are Portuguese (around 7%, especially Madeiran); Irish and Polish. The ethnic French community is also present and there is a growing community of Russian immigrants [2].

The people of Jersey are often called islanders or, in individual terms, Jerseyman or Jerseywoman. Some Jersey-born people identify as British and value the special relationship between the British Crown and the island.

Religion in Jersey has a complex history and much diversity. The established church is the Church of England. In the countryside, Methodism found its traditional stronghold. A minority of Roman Catholics can also be found in Jersey. There are two Catholic private secondary schools: De La Salle College in Saint Saviour is an all-boys school, and Beaulieu Convent School in Saint Helier is an all-girls school; and FCJ primary school in St. Saviour. A Catholic order of Sisters has a presence in school life.

Immigration

For immigration and nationality purposes, the United Kingdom generally treats Jersey as though it were part of the UK. Jersey is constitutionally entitled to restrict immigration[53] by non-Jersey residents, but control of immigration at the point of entry cannot be introduced for British, certain Commonwealth and EEA nationals without change to existing international law.[54] Immigration is therefore controlled by a mixture of restrictions on those without residential status purchasing or renting property in the island and restrictions on employment. Migration policy is to move to a registration system to integrate residential and employment status.[54] Jersey maintains its own immigration[55] and border controls. United Kingdom immigration legislation may be extended to Jersey by order in council (subject to exceptions and adaptations) following consultation with Jersey and with Jersey's consent.[56] Although Jersey citizens are full British citizens, an endorsement restricting the right of establishment in European Union states other than the UK is placed in the passports of British citizens connected solely with the Channel Islands and Isle of Man.[57] Those who have a parent or grandparent born in the United Kingdom, or who have lived in the United Kingdom for five years, are not subject to this restriction.

Historical large-scale immigration was facilitated by the introduction of steamships (from 1823). By 1840, up to 5,000 English people, mostly half-pay officers and their families, had settled in Jersey.[58] In the aftermath of 1848, Polish, Russian, Hungarian, Italian and French political refugees came to Jersey. Following Louis Napoléon's coup of 1851, more French proscrits arrived. By the end of the 19th century, well-to-do British families, attracted by the lack of income tax, were settling in Jersey in increasing numbers, establishing St Helier as a predominantly English-speaking town.

Seasonal work in agriculture had depended mostly on Bretons and mainland Normans from the 19th century. The growth of tourism attracted staff from the United Kingdom. Following Liberation in 1945, agricultural workers were mostly recruited from the United Kingdom - the demands of reconstruction in mainland Normandy and Brittany employed domestic labour.

Until the 1960s, the population had been relatively stable for decades at around 60,000 (excluding the Occupation years). Economic growth spurred immigration and a rise in population. From the 1960s Portuguese workers arrived, mostly working initially in seasonal industries in agriculture and tourism.

A trend that has developed over the past few years is the setting up of recruitment agencies in a number of countries in the world, to employ either cheap labour (often from poor countries) or qualified/experienced labour. Amongst the countries that have been targeted for this type of recruitment are: Australia, Cyprus, Kenya, Latvia, Nigeria, Poland, Portugal, and South Africa.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Jersey Jèrriais road sign ("The black road") in Saint Ouen. Victor Hugo in exile, 1850s.

Until the 19th century, indigenous Jèrriais — a variety of Norman — was the language of the island, though French was used for official business. During the 20th century, however, an intense language shift took place and Jersey today is predominantly English-speaking. Jèrriais nonetheless survives; around 2,600 islanders (three percent) are reckoned to be habitual speakers, and some 10,000 (12 percent) in all claim some knowledge of the language, particularly amongst the elderly in rural parishes. There have been efforts to revive Jèrriais in schools, and the highest number of declared Jèrriais speakers is in the capital.

Actress Lillie Langtry, nicknamed the Jersey Lily.

The dialects of Jèrriais differ in phonology and, to a lesser extent, lexis between parishes, with the most marked differences to be heard between those of the west and east. Many place names are in Jèrriais, and French and English place names are also to be found. Anglicisation of the toponymy increased apace with the migration of English people to the island.

Some Neolithic carvings are the earliest works of artistic character to be found in Jersey. Only fragmentary wall-paintings remain from the rich mediaeval artistic heritage, after the wholesale iconoclasm of the Calvinist Reformation of the 16th century.

Printing arrived in Jersey only in the 1780s, but the island supported a multitude of regular publications in French (and Jèrriais) and English throughout the 19th century, in which poetry, most usually topical and satirical, flourished (see Jèrriais literature).

The island is particularly famous for the Battle of Flowers, a carnival held annually since 1902.[59] Annual music festivals include Rock in the Park, Avanchi presents Jazz in July, Jersey Live, the music section of the Jersey Eisteddfod. Other festivals include La Fête dé Noué (Christmas festival), La Faîs'sie d'Cidre (cidermaking festival), the Battle of Britain air display, food festivals, and parish events. Branchage Jersey International Film Festival has recently become a major addition to Jersey's cultural calendar attracting filmmakers from all over the world.

The island's patron saint is Saint Helier.[60]

Media

Broadcast

Main article: Telecommunications in Jersey

BBC Radio Jersey provides a radio service, and BBC Spotlight Channel Islands with headquarters in Jersey provides a joint television news service with Guernsey.

Channel Television is a regional ITV franchise shared with the Bailiwick of Guernsey but with its headquarters in Jersey.

Channel 103 is a commercial radio station.

The Frémont Point transmitting station is a facility for FM and television transmission at Frémont

Newspaper

Jersey's only newspaper, the Jersey Evening Post, claims that it has an average issue readership of 73% of adults in Jersey and that over the course of a week 93 per cent of all adults will read a copy of the newspaper,[61] it being the main printed source of local news and official notices. The newspaper features a weekly Jèrriais column accompanied by English-language précis.

Magazines

Lifestyle magazines include Gallery Magazine[62] (monthly), Jersey Now[63] (quarterly) and The Jersey Life[64] (monthly).

Les Nouvelles Chroniques du Don Balleine[65] is a quarterly literary magazine in Jèrriais.

Jersey Live

Jersey Live is an indie/dance music festival held annually at The Royal Jersey Showground in the parish of Trinity. The festival has grown in popularity and size each year and has drawn interest from people outside the Channel Islands with foreign visitors making up approximately 27% of the 2006 crowd.

Cinema

In 1909, T.J. West established the first cinema in the Royal Hall in St. Helier, which became known as West's Cinema in 1923 (demolished 1977). The first talking picture, The Perfect Alibi, was shown on 30 December 1929 at the Picture House in St. Helier. The Jersey Film Society was founded on 11 December 1947 at the Café Bleu, West's Cinema. The large Art Deco Forum Cinema was opened in 1935 — during the German Occupation this was used for German propaganda films.

The Odeon Cinema was opened 2 June 1952 and, was later rebranded in the early 21st century as the Forum cinema. It's owners, however, struggled to meet tough competition from the Cineworld Cinemas group, which opened a 10 screen multiplex on the waterfront centre in St. Helier on reclaimed land in December 2002 and the Forum closed its doors in late 2008.

Since 1997[citation needed], Kevin Lewis (formerly of the Cine Centre and the New Forum) has arranged the Jersey Film Festival, a charity event showing the latest and also classic films outdoors in 35 mm on a big screen. The 2006 festival was held in Howard Davis Park, St Saviour, on the 12–18 August 2006. In 2008 the boutique Branchage film festival was held.[66]

In August 2006, plans were revealed to convert the former Odeon building into a department store while retaining the landmark architecture.

Food and drink

Jersey wonders, or mèrvelles, are a favourite snack consisting of fried dough, found especially at country fêtes. According to tradition, the success of cooking depends on the state of the tide.

Seafood has traditionally been important to the cuisine of Jersey: mussels (called moules locally), oysters, lobster and crabs — especially spider crabs — ormers, and conger.

Jersey milk being very rich, cream and butter have played a large part in insular cooking. (See Channel Island milk) However there is no indigenous tradition of cheese making, contrary to the custom of mainland Normandy, but some cheese is produced commercially. Jersey fudge, mostly imported and made with milk from overseas Jersey cattle herds, is a popular food product with tourists.

Jersey Royal potatoes are the local variety of new potato, and the island is famous for its early crop of Chats (small potatoes) from the south-facing côtils (steeply sloping fields). Originally grown using vraic as a natural fertiliser giving them their own individual taste, only a small portion of those grown in the island still use this method. They are eaten in a variety of ways, often simply boiled and served with butter or when not as fresh fried in butter.

Apples historically were an important crop. Bourdélots are apple dumplings, but the most typical speciality is black butter (lé nièr beurre), a dark spicy spread prepared from apples, cider and spices. Cider used to be an important export. After decline and near-disappearance in the late 20th century, apple production is being increased and promoted. Apple brandy is also produced, as is some wine.

Among other traditional dishes are cabbage loaf, Jersey wonders (les mèrvelles), fliottes, bean crock (les pais au fou), nettle (ortchie) soup, vraic buns.

Sport

Main article: Sport in Jersey

In its own right Jersey participates in the Commonwealth Games and in the biennial Island Games, which it last hosted in 1997.

In sporting events in which Jersey does not have international representation, when the British Home Nations are competing separately, islanders that do have high athletic skill may choose to compete for any of the Home Nations – there are, however, restrictions on subsequent transfers to represent another Home Nation.

Jersey is an affiliate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC). The Jersey cricket team plays in the Inter-insular match among others. The Jersey cricket team competes in the World Division 4, held in Tanzania in October 2008, after recently finishing as runners-up and therefore being promoted from the World Division 5 held in Jersey. They also compete in the European Division 2, held in Guernsey during August 2008. The youth cricket teams have been promoted to play in the European Division 1 alongside Ireland, Scotland, Denmark, the Netherlands and Guernsey. In two tournaments at this level Jersey have finished 6th.

For horseracing, Les Landes Racecourse can be found at Les Landes in St. Ouen next to the ruins of Grosnez Castle.

The Jersey Football Association supervises football in Jersey. The Jersey Football Combination has 9 teams in its top division. The 2006/07 champions were Jersey Scottish where Ross Crick is the top scorer. The Jersey national football team plays in the annual Muratti competition among others.

Jersey has two public indoor swimming pools. Swimming in the sea, surfing, windsurfing and other marine sports are practised. Jersey Swimming Club have organised an annual swim from Elizabeth Castle to Saint Helier Harbour for over 50 years. A round-island swim is a major challenge which a select number of swimmers have achieved. The Royal Channel Island Yacht Club is based in Jersey.

There is one facility for extreme sports and some facilities for youth sports. Coastal cliffs provide opportunities for rock climbing.

In golf, two golfers from Jersey have won The Open Championship 7 times between them, Harry Vardon winning 6 times and Ted Ray winning once. Harry and Ted have also won the US Open one time each and Harry's brother Tom Vardon has had some smaller wins on European Tours.

Jersey has one un-roofed skateboarding park

Education

The States of Jersey provides education through state schools (including a fee-paying option at secondary level) and also supports private schools. The Jersey curriculum generally follows that of England.

There is no self-sufficient autonomous institution of higher education in Jersey. However, it is possible to take some Higher Education qualifications locally, on a full-time or part-time basis and also to study by distance learning.

Jersey has a college of further education and university centre, Highlands College. As well as offering part-time and evening courses Highlands is the largest sixth form provider in the Island, and works collaboratively with a range of organisations including the Open University, University of Plymouth and London South Bank University. In particular students can study at Highlands for the two year Foundation Degree in Financial Services and for BSc Social Sciences, both validated by the University of Plymouth.

The college incorporates the Jersey Business School but this is at an early stage of development in terms of degree programmes.

The Open University supports students in Jersey (but they pay higher fees than UK students). The Department for Education, Sport & Culture provides some funding for distance learning courses, but at first degree level only.

Environment

Three areas of land are protected for their ecological or geological interest as Sites of Special Interest (SSI): Les Landes, Les Blanches Banques and La Lande du Ouest. A large area of intertidal zone is designated as a Ramsar site.

Jersey is the home of Durrell Wildlife (formerly known as the Jersey Zoological Park) founded by the naturalist, zookeeper, and author Gerald Durrell.

Biodiversity

Four species of small mammal are considered native[67]: the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus), the Jersey bank vole (Myodes glareolus caesarius), the Lesser white-toothed shrew (Crocidura suaveolens) and the French shrew (Sorex coronatus). Three wild mammals are well-established introductions: the rabbit (introduced in the mediaeval period), the red squirrel and the hedgehog (both introduced in the 19th century). The stoat (Mustela erminea) became extinct in Jersey between 1976 and 2000. The Green lizard (Lacerta bilineata) is a protected species of reptile; Jersey is its only habitat in the British Isles.[68]

Trees generally considered native are the alder (Alnus glutinosa), silver birch (Betula pendula), sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), hazel (Corylus avellana), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), beech (Fagus sylvatica), ash (Fraxinus excelsior), aspen (Populus tremula), wild cherry (Prunus avium), blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), holm oak (Quercus ilex), oak (Quercus robur), sallow (Salix cinerea), elder (Sambucus nigra), elm (Ulmus spp.), and medlar (Mespilus germanica). Among notable introduced species, the cabbage palm (Cordyline australis) has been planted in coastal areas and may be seen in many gardens.[69]

Notable marine species[70] include the ormer, conger, bass, undulate ray, grey mullet, ballan wrasse and garfish. Marine mammals include the bottlenosed dolphin[71] and grey seal.[72]

Emergency services

Emergency services[73] are provided by the States of Jersey Police with the support of the Honorary Police as necessary, States of Jersey Ambulance Service[74], Jersey Fire and Rescue Service[75] and the Jersey Coastguard[76]. The Jersey Fire and Rescue Service and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate an inshore rescue and lifeboat service; Channel Islands Air Search provides rapid response airborne search of the surrounding waters[77].

The States of Jersey Fire Service was formed in 1938 when the States took over the Saint Helier Fire Brigade, which had been formed in 1901.

The first lifeboat was equipped, funded by the States, in 1830. The RNLI established a lifeboat station in 1884.[78]

Border security and controls are undertaken by the States of Jersey Customs and Immigration Service.

See also

Main article: Outline of Jersey

Footnotes and references

  1. ^ DEVELOPMENT OF A CULTURAL STRATEGY FOR THE ISLAND
  2. ^ Chapter 2 - Population Characteristics, Population by cultural and ethnic background.
  3. ^ "States' new bailiff is sworn in". BBC News. 2009-07-09. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/jersey/8141678.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
  4. ^ CIA World Fact Book
  5. ^ "Jersey rejects time-zone change". BBC News. 2008-10-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/jersey/7671009.stm. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  6. ^ a b "www.gov.je — Welcome to the States of Jersey website". States of Jersey. 2006. http://www.gov.je/. Retrieved 2006-10-15.
  7. ^ "Where is Jersey". Jersey Tourism. http://www.jersey.com/wij/wij_en.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-15.
  8. ^ "Walking — Walking Routes — Moonwalks". Jersey Tourism. http://www.jersey.com/content_page.asp?id=127. Retrieved 2006-10-18.
  9. ^ http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/ChannelIslands.aspx
  10. ^ a b Jersey and UK agree framework for developing Jersey’s international identity
  11. ^ "Visas / entry clearances / work permit issue". Home Affairs, Customs & Immigration, Immigration. States of Jersey. http://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/. Retrieved 2009-09-14. "Passengers arriving from outside of the Common Travel Area (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) will pass through an Immigration control."
  12. ^ "British Nationality Act 1981". Legislation, UK, Acts. Office of Public Sector Information. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1981/cukpga_19810061_en_8#pt5-l1g57. Retrieved 2009-09-14. "the Islands” means the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man; [...] the United Kingdom” means Great Britain, Northern Ireland and the Islands, taken together;"
  13. ^ http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/documents/reports/46527-24954-2762008.htm#_Toc188083991
  14. ^ "Jersey's relationship with the European Union". Home Affairs, Customs & Immigration, Customs & Excise; Traders Information. States of Jersey. http://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Customs+and+Excise/Traders+Information/Jerseys+relationship+with+the+European+Union/. Retrieved 2009-09-14. "Although the Channel Islands form part of the Customs territory of the EC, they are not full member states and are not part of the Single European Market for VAT purposes."
  15. ^ "Countryside Character Appraisal — Character Area A1: North Coast Heathland". States of Jersey. http://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Planning/Island+Plan+and+Other+Policy+Guidance/Countryside+Character+Appraisal/Character+Area+A1+North+Coast+Heathland.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-06.
  16. ^ "History of stamps". Jersey Post. http://www.jerseypost.com/jppage.aspx?id=170. Retrieved 2006-10-06.
  17. ^ "Jersey", Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. John Everett-Heath. Oxford University Press 2005. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Jersey Library. 6 October 2006 [1]
  18. ^ Harper, Douglas (November 2001). "Online Etymological Dictionary". http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=jersey. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  19. ^ Le Messurier, H. W. (December 1916). "The Early Relations between Newfoundland and the Channel Islands". Geographical Review (American Geographical Society) 2 (6): 449. doi:10.2307/207514. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0016-7428(191612)2%3A6%3C449%3ATERBNA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  20. ^ "A Short Constitutional History of Jersey". Voisin & Co.. 1999-05-18. http://www.voisinlaw.com/pg368.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  21. ^ Liddicoat, Anthony (1 August 1994). A Grammar of the Norman French of the Channel Islands. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 6. ISBN 3-11-012631-1. http://books.google.com/?id=pgobrmlMAGQC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6.
  22. ^ Ommer, Rosemary E. (1991). From Outpost to Outport. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 0-7735-0730-2. http://books.google.com/?id=nrdYUXv817sC&pg=PA13&lpg=PP11.
  23. ^ Weeks, Daniel J. (1 May 2001). Not for Filthy Lucre's Sake. Lehigh University Press. pp. 45. ISBN 0-934223-66-1. http://books.google.com/?id=FM_BrMaXR2kC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45.
  24. ^ Cochrane, Willard W. (30 September 1993). The Development of American Agriculture. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 18. ISBN 0-8166-2283-3. http://books.google.com/?id=gnqxb5vuTEMC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18.
  25. ^ Ommer, Rosemary E. (1991). From Outpost to Outport. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 12. ISBN 0-7735-0730-2. http://books.google.com/?id=nrdYUXv817sC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12.
  26. ^ Bellows, Tony. "What was the "Occupation" and why is "Liberation Day" celebrated in the Channel Islands?". Société Jersiaise. http://www.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/liberat1.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-15.
  27. ^ Jersey Evening Post, 23 September 2006
  28. ^ *Dicey & Morris. (1993) The Conflict of Laws 12th edition. London: Sweet & Maxwell Ltd. (pp26/30) ISBN 0-420-48280-6
  29. ^ Channel Isles.
  30. ^ "The Sword of Damocles", Jersey Law Review, Volume 6, Issue 3, October 2002
  31. ^ "Jersey and the United Kingdom: a choice of destiny", Jersey Law Review, Volume 8, Issue 3, October 2004.
  32. ^ Jersey Evening Post, 21 April 2007
  33. ^ Second Interim Report of the Constitution Review Group
  34. ^ Bailiff’s speech at Assise d’Héritage
  35. ^ http://www.gov.je/TreasuryResources/IncomeTax/TIEA/
  36. ^ International Finance - The Netherlands and Jersey sign agreement on the exchange of tax information
  37. ^ Jersey Evening Post, 22 June 2007
  38. ^ a b http://www.gov.je/TreasuryResources/News/TIEAIreland.htm
  39. ^ http://www.gov.je/TreasuryResources/IncomeTax/TIEA/TieaUK.htm
  40. ^ http://www.gov.je/TreasuryResources/News/FranceTIEA.htm
  41. ^ "Tax-sharing exchange pact signed". BBC News. 2009-06-11. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/jersey/8095980.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
  42. ^ http://www.gov.je/ChiefMinister/JerseySignsTIEAwithNewZealand.htm
  43. ^ Geographically it is not part of the British Isles. As of October 15, 2006, the States of Jersey indicates that the island is situated "only 22 km off the northwest coast of France and 140 km south of England".
  44. ^ a b "CIA — The World Factbook — Jersey". Central Intelligence Agency. 2006-10-05. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/je.html. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  45. ^ Climate Averages Jersey 1971 - 2000
  46. ^ http://www.jcra.je/pdf/051101%20Competition-Jersey-Law--2005.pdf
  47. ^ Jersey Tourism Annual Report, 2006
  48. ^ Davenport, Philippa (2006-05-20). "Jersey's cash cow". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/7a7bb3e0-e720-11da-9046-0000779e2340.html. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  49. ^ Witmer, Jason (2004-06-11). "CROPP contracts brings profitability to Ohio grass-based, organic dairies". The Rodale Institute. http://www.newfarm.org/features/0604/nissley/index.shtml. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  50. ^ "Island achieves Fairtrade status". BBC News. 2005-02-24. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/jersey/4295551.stm. Retrieved 2006-10-06.
  51. ^ http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200102/ldhansrd/vo011206/text/11206-28.htm
  52. ^ 2001 Census
  53. ^ gov.je - Summary Policy
  54. ^ a b gov.je - Migration Monitoring and Regulation
  55. ^ gov.je - Immigration
  56. ^ Answer by Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Home Office, (Lord West of Spithead) in UK House of Lords 18 January 2010
  57. ^ gov.je - Passports - I have an observation in my passport which says - the holder is not entitled to benefit from EC Provisions relating to employment and settlement - what does that mean?
  58. ^ Balleine's History of Jersey
  59. ^ "The Jersey Battle of Flowers". Jersey Battle of Flowers Association. 2005. http://www.battleofflowers.com/thebattle/index.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-15.
  60. ^ Falle, Samuel. "Saint Helier — Saint Hélyi — Saint Hélier". Geraint Jennings, Société Jersiaise. http://www.societe-jersiaise.org/geraint/helier/falle.html. Retrieved 2006-10-15.
  61. ^ "At the heart of island life since 1890". Jersey Evening Post. http://www.jerseyeveningpost.com/index.html. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  62. ^ Gallery Magazine Jersey
  63. ^ http://www.jerseyeveningpost.com/pub2.html
  64. ^ Quality LifeStyle Magazines - Jersey, Harpenden,Jersey Estrella Radlett, St Albans
  65. ^ Les Nouvelles Chroniques du Don Balleine
  66. ^ http://www.branchagefestival.com/
  67. ^ Species Based Research Projects - The Jersey Mammal Survey
  68. ^ Biodiversity Action Plan
  69. ^ Trees in Jersey, The Jersey Association of Men of the Trees, Jersey 1997, ISBN 0-9530979-0-0
  70. ^ http://www.jersey.com/English/sightsandactivities/activities/fishing/AtoZFish/Pages/default.aspx
  71. ^ http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/49F2D9D7-2E1A-4958-9446-F3ADC2672868/0/Keithspaper.pdf
  72. ^ http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/27F0C1B6-73B4-4B51-A743-7000AEEAC404/0/CZMTPMarineBiodiversityOct05.pdf
  73. ^ http://www.gov.je/PublicOrderJusticeRights/EmergencyServices/
  74. ^ http://www.gov.je/Health/hospital_services/specialities/ambulance/
  75. ^ http://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/Fire/
  76. ^ http://www.jersey-harbours.com/Jersey%20Coastguard%20and%20Sea%20Rescue%20Centre.html
  77. ^ http://www.ci-airsearch.com/
  78. ^ http://www.rnli.org.uk/rnli_near_you/southwest/stations/StHelierJerseyCI/history

Print

Further reading

Archaeology
Cattle

One Hundred Years of the Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society 1833-1933. Compiled from the Society's Records, by H.G. Shepard, Secretary Eric J. Boston. Jersey Cattle, 1954

Religion

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jersey
Articles Related to Jersey
Geographic locale

Lat. and Long. 49°11′24″N 2°6′36″W / 49.19°N 2.11°W (Saint Helier)

The Channel Islands
Bailiwick of Guernsey Guernsey · Alderney · Sark · Herm · Brecqhou · Burhou · Ortac · Les Casquets · Jethou · Lihou · Crevichon · Les Houmets
Bailiwick of Jersey Jersey · Les Écréhous · La Motte · Les Minquiers · Pierres de Lecq · Les Dirouilles
The British Isles
Terminology · Naming dispute · Islands of the North Atlantic (IONA)
Politics
Sovereign states and constituent countries Ireland · United Kingdom (England · Northern Ireland · Scotland · Wales)
British Crown dependencies Guernsey · Jersey · Isle of Man
Political cooperation British–Irish Council · British Irish Parliamentary Assembly · Common Travel Area · North/South Ministerial Council · British-Irish Intergovernmental Conference
Geography
Island groups Channel Islands · Islands of the Clyde · Great Britain · Hebrides (Inner · Outer) · Ireland · Isle of Man · Isles of Scilly · Northern Isles (Orkney · Shetland)
Lists of islands of Ireland · Isle of Man · United Kingdom (England · Scotland · Wales)
History
Current states and dependencies

Ireland · United Kingdom (England · Northern Ireland · Scotland · Wales)

Guernsey · Jersey · Isle of Man
Former states Kingdom of England · Kingdom of Scotland · Kingdom of Ireland · Principality of Wales · Kingdom of Great Britain · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland · Irish Free State
Society
Modern languages Auregnais · BSL · Cornish · English · French · Guernésiais · Irish · ISL · Jèrriais · Manx · NISL · Scots · Scottish Gaelic · Sercquiais · Shelta · Welsh
People British · Cornish · English · English Gypsies · Irish · Irish Traveller · Kale · Manx · Scottish · Ulster-Scots · Welsh
International membership
British overseas territories and Crown dependencies
Overseas territories Anguilla · Bermuda · British Antarctic Territory · British Indian Ocean Territory · British Virgin Islands · Cayman Islands · Falkland Islands · Gibraltar · Montserrat · Pitcairn Islands · Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha1 · South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands · Turks and Caicos Islands
Crown dependencies Guernsey² · Jersey · Isle of Man
Sovereign base areas Akrotiri and Dhekelia
1 includes Saint Helena · Ascension Island · Tristan da Cunha ² includes Alderney · Sark
Non-sovereign territories of Europe
Autonomous regions
Russia

Adygea · Bashkortostan · Chechnya · Chuvashia · Dagestan · Ingushetia · Kabardino-Balkaria · Kalmykia · Karachay-Cherkessia · Karelia · Komi Republic · Mari El · Mordovia · Nenets Autonomous Okrug · North Ossetia-Alania · Tatarstan · Udmurtia
Elsewhere

Adjara, Georgia · Åland Islands, Finland · Azores, Portugal · Crimea, Ukraine · Friuli – Venezia Giulia, Italy · Gagauzia, Moldova · Madeira, Portugal · Mount Athos, Greece · Nakhchivan,1 Azerbaijan · Sardinia, Italy · Sicily, Italy · Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Italy · Valle d'Aosta, Italy · Vojvodina, Serbia
Dependent territories

Akrotiri and Dhekelia,1 UK · Faroe Islands, Denmark · Gibraltar, UK · Guernsey, UK · Isle of Man, UK · Jersey, UK
1 Geographically part of , but having socio-political connexions with Europe.
English-speaking world
Anglosphere

Dark blue: Countries and territories where English is spoken natively by a significant population. Light blue: Countries where English is an official language but less widely spoken.

Click on the coloured regions to view the related article.
English language in Europe Languages of Malta Canadian English Quebec English Canadian English Languages of Alaska Falkland Islands English Scottish English Hiberno-English Mid Ulster English British English Languages of Lesotho South African English Languages of Swaziland Languages of Madagascar Languages of Mauritius Languages of Sierra Leone Liberian English Languages of Ghana Namlish Languages of Botswana Languages of Zimbabwe Languages of Zambia Malawian English Languages of Tanzania Languages of Rwanda Ugandan English Languages of Kenya Languages of the Sudan Languages of Eritrea Languages of Ethiopia Languages of Nigeria Cameroon English Pakistani English Indian English Australian English New Zealand English Languages of Papua New Guinea Languages of the Solomon Islands Languages of Palau Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia Languages of Fiji Languages of Singapore Philippine English Hong Kong English Languages of the Marshall Islands Languages of Nauru Bahamian English American English Languages of the Cayman Islands Jamaican English Languages of Belize Saint Helena English Languages of Guyana Languages of Puerto Rico English of the Windward Islands and Leeward Islands Bermudian English

Regions where English is an official language and spoken by a significant population

Africa Nigeria · Mauritius · Saint Helena · South Africa
Americas Anguilla · Antigua and Barbuda · The Bahamas · Barbados · Belize · Bermuda · British Virgin Islands · Canada · Cayman Islands · Dominica · Falkland Islands · Grenada · Guyana · Jamaica · Montserrat · Netherlands Antilles (Saba, Saint Eustatius, Saint Maarten) · Saint Kitts and Nevis · Saint Lucia · Saint Vincent and the Grenadines · Trinidad and Tobago · Turks and Caicos Islands · United States · United States Virgin Islands
Asia Hong Kong · Philippines · Singapore
Europe Gibraltar · Guernsey · Isle of Man · Jersey · Malta · Republic of Ireland · United Kingdom
Oceania Australia · Marshall Islands · Federated States of Micronesia · Nauru · New Zealand · Palau

Regions where English is an official language but not as widely spoken

Africa Botswana · Cameroon · Ghana · Kenya · Lesotho · Liberia · Madagascar · Malawi · Namibia · Rwanda · Sierra Leone · Sudan · Swaziland · Tanzania · Uganda · Zambia · Zimbabwe
Americas Puerto Rico
Asia India · Malaysia · Pakistan
Oceania Fiji · Papua New Guinea · Solomon Islands · Tuvalu
English Wiktionary

Categories: Jersey

 

The above information uses material from Wikipedia and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Some facts may not have been fully verified for accuracy. [Disclaimers]
This page was last archived by our server on Sat Jul 31 20:17:58 2010. [ refresh local cache ]
Displaying this page or its contents does not use any Wikimedia Foundation's resources.
The owners of this site proudly support the Wikimedia Foundation.

[Hide]▼
'Jersey' News
Kentucky Derby rematch in New Jersey this weekend - kypost.com
kypost.com
Kentucky Derby rematch in New Jersey this weekend - kypost.com
Fri, 30 Jul 2010 16:38:59 GMT+00:00
this weekend kypost.com Carded are 14 races that include: $15000 Jersey Derby, $15000 Regret Stakes, G-3 $2000 Taylor Made Matchmaker Stakes, $15000 Teddy Drone Stakes, ...
Google News Search: Jersey,
Fri Jul 30 16:14:00 2010
'Jersey' Images
jersey cow jpg
ni-photos.jmcwd.com
jersey cow jpg
768px x 1024px | 176.40kB

[source page]

Cow 5 Cows Jersey Cow Jersey Cow 2

Yahoo Images Search: Jersey,
Wed Jul 28 02:30:23 2010
'Jersey' Blogs
Rejected Jersey Shore Products
huffingtonpost.com
Rejected Jersey Shore Products

The Huffington Post News Editors

hu, 29 Jul 2010 22:39:23 GM

Was that a Snuggi for Snooki or is the circus in town? olddognewtrick:​ Was that a Snuggi for Snooki or is the circus. jersey. -shore-pro_n_66​4346_55497205.h​tml ...

Google Blogs Search: Jersey,
Sat Jul 31 10:11:40 2010
'Jersey' Answers
Moving from Jersey City to Boston. Which is the cheapest way to move all my stuff ?
Q. I am moving from Jersey City to Boston Downtown in December 13th. I am planning to move all my stuff to Boston. Actually we are 4 roomies together and planning to share transportation. So each person has at least 4 bags of stuff. So it makes 16 bags. Plus we do have 4 futons of twin size. I want to move it in cheapest way. Also I do have only Auto License.
Asked by nowthehero - Wed Oct 22 14:07:49 2008 - - 6 Answers - 3 Comments

A. Three options: 1. Pods- Basically it's portable storage. You load them, the company will deliver them for you. to find sizes and rates, try the following link: 2. Rental trucks- You load and unload, you drive. To find out rates check the following link: 3. Moving company- Prices will vary depends on the company although they normally work by a pretty standard basic tariff. You can use one of the directories listed in the link below to receive several free quotes in one submission with no obligation: Good Luck!
Answered by Lisa M - Wed Oct 22 18:40:40 2008

Yahoo Answers Search: Jersey,
Wed Jul 21 12:09:27 2010
[Hide]▲